Comparing Constructivist and Direct Theories of Visual...

Comparing Constructivist and Direct Theories of Visual Perception Two of the main theories of visual perception are constructivist and direct. Gregory is associated with the constructivist theory, while Gibson supports the direct theory. The both theories differ in their explanation of perception, however there are some aspects that relate them. Gregorys theory is a top down theory of perception, in the sense that he considers prior knowledge and experience to be crucially important in making sense of what we see. Perception is not determined simply by stimulus patterns. Rather, it is a dynamic searching for the best interpretation of the available data..... which involves going beyond†¦show more content†¦He says that even a minimal amount of bottom up data can produce detailed hypothesises, which is shown in Johanssons study in 1975, whereby in darkness, just a few lights attached to a moving person evoke clear perceptions of people walking or dancing. However, Gregorys theory is questioned by many. For example, if perception is essentially constructive, then how does it gets started and why is there such commonality among the perceptions of different people, all of whom have had to construct their own idiosyncratic worlds. Also, given that perception is typically accurate, it seems unlikely that our retinal im ages are really as ambiguous and lacking in detail as Gregory suggests. Gibson disagrees with Gregorys theory, Gibson, in his theory describes perception as being all direct, he doesnt think that there is any need to use prior knowledge to make sense of things that we look at. Gibson argued that the cognitive input theories of perception, which stated that perception depended on prior knowledge, were only relevant for artificial laboratory situations where the available stimuli was very limited. Naturally, in those situations people would have to use guesswork or prior information to work out what they were looking at. 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The Health Belief Model And The Theory Of Planned Behaviour

When considering health psychology it is important to recognise the various models it is made up of. The basis of this essay will be to take a look at the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour, considering their historical origins, the positives and negatives of applying these approaches and examples of when they have been used. After some analysis it may offer some insight into possible improvements that could be implemented from further research. Also included will be an overview of how the models compare to each other and critical evaluation of research from this field. Conner and Norman, 1995 describe the health belief model as ‘the oldest and most widely used model in health psychology’. It originated in the 50’s and was developed further by Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegals throughout the 1980’s for health education programmes and to predict different health behaviours and responses to treatments. The four terms that are the basis for the HBM are perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, perceived severity and perceived benefits. The behaviour of the individual depends on their belief that they are susceptible to a health problem, how serious they deem it to be, whether they think that treatment will benefit them and if there are barriers that may get in the way. Although there has been much support for the HBM, there has been two large scale reviews carried out on studies using the HBM and Abraham and Sheeran (2005) reported that although theyShow MoreRelatedHealth Belief Model1640 Words   |  7 Pagesadvantages and disadvantages of the Health Belief Model in explaining Health-related behaviour. Although the importance of preventive health cares, many people do not behave in a manner that will look after their own health. 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Brought to Bed by Judith Leavitt Free Essays

Two Hundred years of American history of childbirth has been fairly, thoroughly and sensitively examined by Leavitt. The main argument she focuses on in the book is the shrewd common commencement of giving birth to a child. This phenomenon is not only a natural event but an important part in the common description of womanhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Brought to Bed by Judith Leavitt or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the Past, natural differences have been preserved in the sexual dissection of labor. The communal globe resolutely given to men, being a mother is the center of women’s survival with giving birth to a baby her most appreciated work. The emphasis of Leavitt is on the childbearing centrality to women living her life which guides her to center on the altering personality of giving birth and the relationship a women has to it. The story of Leavitt clarifies from the viewpoint of women giving birth and also of the medical occupation. Cautiously and creatively, she discloses the attractive interaction between the different damage of common and medical changes have affected the lives of women usually and in particular childbirth. The dialectical association between society and medicine is lit up in the discussion of Leavitt of the entry of a physician into the room where children are born and the means by which women on their own resolute the limit of medical contribution in this customarily area of women. Distant from extension unreceptive losses of their own ecology, for the better part of the era women who gave birth got the emotional power from the normal female’s support systems. In the 1930s childbirth moved permanently to the hospitals, before those women themselves who gave birth were the liveliest causes of alteration in the history of American Childbirth. The preservation of determination of women and traditions of females to form events in their own rooms of childbirth imitated a basic feminist desire. Even though giving birth is the sign of customary womanhood, it was the focal point of the arrangement women constructed to conquer the restrictions of custom and eventually to extend the sphere of females. The use of Leavitt’s confidential writings of women of America maintain her analysis that women had the control in the child birth room and only gave up this authority to the medical occupation after cautious thought of the options. Leavitt’s argument is realistic that medical experts did not come in without an invitation nor they forced their knowledge, their pincers, asepsis or anesthesia on their miserable patients. The middle and upper class American women would comprise the first line of the fresh medical and social development. Therefore they were active in changing birth of a child from a conventional concern of females into a medical occupation where attention is needed of the experts and eventually the patient is hospitalized. The women who gave birth knew about the options they had with respect to medical intrusion and male attendance. Nothing was forced upon them. The feminist viewpoint of this book does not mean to bash a doctor. The author points that physicians in America were largely male and they were very alert of their proposition in the mortality rates and maternal morbidity. They struggled to enhance the technique and training of obstetric for the well being of the infant and mother. As a result the occupation has keenly known a better path which is safe and it allows nature to do its work and unwarranted medical intrusion. The result of any intense was often a tragedy for the family. Regardless of the substantial influence that women had for a long time in the room which children were born, by early 1950s they had given their authority and their support system for birth of a child only amongst strangers. As the author challenges the medical side of child birth involved some decisive achievement and losses. By the middle of the 20th century, childbirth was as safe like never before. For the women of America, the individual cost was a isolation from their own experience of childbirth and a callous of the bonds which had conventionally combined them with all the other mothers. Now the pendulum had turned from a customary childbirth to childbirth as a problem of medical experts. The study of Leavitt confirms that physicians and women should divide the liability for the development of childbirth like we are now used too. According to Leavitt, if more changes are made this will allow women to regain the familiarity. The two hundred years covered by Leavitt and her efforts to believe childbirth from the viewpoint of the medical profession as well as women, the book is amazingly logical. As normally the case is the approach loans itself to recurrence of arguments, instances and also quotes but these are small arguments. More significantly, like all the other ground breaking analyses, this one raises a bit of debatable questions. One can be that, given the undividable life of infant and maternal transience, a bit more thought of the childbirth impact on its final creation would have been valuable. As many women faced the tragedy of losing a child either during or after birth, some would face this tragedy more than once in her life; this seems to be one of the emotional sides of childbirth which requires more expansion. The accessibility of different basis has also prohibited any but transient thought to the familiarity to the women in the working class, who had a lesser choices when giving birth. How can these sorts of women sense the rising violation of medication in the childbirth room? Do they have the same kind of luxury network that upper and middle class women have? Did they eagerly pursue their luckier sister to the hospital? Even though the author cannot be held responsible for setting up limits on her complete study, these questions can make up an exciting follow to her book. However Brought to Bed is an astonishing donation to the women history and also of medicines. It does really tell about the transfer from a self done childbirth to a childbirth done medically. Reference page †¢ Judith Walzer Leavitt (1988) Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA How to cite Brought to Bed by Judith Leavitt, Papers